Особенности ленточно-флажочной культуры шаманистко буддийских регионов Евразии

Chimiza Lamazhaa

doi:10.32523/2664-5157-2024-2-74-92

Authors

Chimiza Lamazhaa

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32523/2664-5157-2024-2-74-92

Keywords:

ribbon rituals, ritual flags, prayer flags, Sayano-Altai, Inner Asia, shamanism, Buddhism

Abstract

The article analyzes the characteristics of the ribbon-flag culture, which emerged in the regions where the Shamanistic cultures of the steppe and mountainous steppe of the Sayano-Altai area (the territory stretching from Lake Baikal in Southern Siberia to Western Mongolia) merged with Buddhist-Tibetan traditions. The author proposes considering it as a part of the larger area of ribbon culture within shamanism in Eurasia.
To define the term ‘ribbon-flag culture’, the author provides several factors that characterize this culture. The author conducted direct research on the ribbon-flag culture in one of its regions, shamanistic-Buddhist Tuva, over the past two decades. The analysis of sources and our own materials leads us to the conclusion that the overall trajectory of the development of the tradition of ribbon flag culture can be traced back to the animistic and pre-shamanistic beliefs and ritual practices of the nomadic people of the Sayano-Altai region in Inner Asia. This tradition was further strengthened by the shamanistic ritual practices that developed in the region, including among the Tibetan nomads.
Subsequently, it was enriched by cultural influences from India and China, such as Buddhism.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Chimiza Lamazhaa

Doctor of Philosophy, Independent Researcher

Reference

Barker D., 2003. Tibetan prayer flags: Send your blessings on the breeze. London: Connections Book Publishing Ltd. 64 p.

Gazizova V., 2021. Sacred heights in the topography of flatlands. Ovaa kurgans in the Kalmyk Buddhist landscape, Études mongoles et sibériennes, centrasiatiques et tibétaines, no. 52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/emscat.4960

Martin E., 2016. Gift, Greeting or Gesture: The Khatak and The Negotiating of Its Meaning on The Anglo-Tibetan Borderlands. Himalaya. No 35 (2). P. 56-72.

Modi J.J., 1918. Tubetan salutations and a few thoughts suggested by them // Anthropological Papers. Part II; Papers read before the Anthropological Society of Bombay; The British India Press. P. 110-123.

Rockhill W.W., 1894. Diary of a Journey Through Mongolia and Tibet in 1891 and 1892. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. 413 p.

Abaeva L.L., 1991. Kul’t gor i buddizm v Buryatii (Evolyuciya verovanij i kul’tov selenginskih buryat). ed. by N. L. Zhukovskaia. Moscow: Nauka. 144 p. [in Russian].

Alekseev N.A., 1984. Shamanizm tyurkoyazychnyh narodov Sibiri (opyt areal’nogo sravnitel’nogo issledovaniya) [Shamanism of the Turkic-speaking peoples of Siberia (the experience of an areal comparative study)]. Novosibirsk: Nauka, Siberian Branch. 233 p. [in Russian].

Altajskij etnograficheskij slovar’ [Altai Ethnographic Dictionary], 2023. editorial board: N.V. Yekeev (ed.) et al. Gorno-Altaysk. 370 p. [in Russian].

Antonov N.K., 1971. Materialy po istoricheskoj leksike yakutskogo yazyka [Materials on the historical vocabulary of the Yakut language]. Yakutsk: Yakut Book Publishing House. 175 p. [in Russian].

Bakaeva E.P., 1994. Buddizm v Kalmykii. Istoriko-etnograficheskie ocherki [Buddhism in Kalmykia. Historical and ethnographic essays]. Elista: Kalmyk Book Publishing House. 128 p. [in Russian].

Bakaeva E.P., 2003. Dobuddijskie verovaniya kalmykov [Pre-Buddhist beliefs of the Kalmyks]. Elista: Dzhangar. 357 p. [in Russian].

Basilov V.N., 1984. Izbranniki duhov [The chosen spirits]. Moscow: Politizdat. 208 p. [in Russian].

Basilov V.N., 1992. Shamanstvo u narodov Srednej Azii i Kazahstana [Shamanism among the peoples of Central Asia and Kazakhstan]. Moscow: Nauka. 328 p. [in Russian].

Berzin A., 1992. Tibetskij buddizm: Ego istoriya i perspektivy razvitiya [Tibetan Buddhism: Its history and prospects of development.] Moscow: Traditional medicine. 31 p. [in Russian].

Burnakov V.A., 2006. Duhi Srednego mira v tradicionnom mirovozzrenii hakasov [The spirits of the Middle World in the traditional worldview of the Khakas]. Novosibirsk: Publishing house of the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS. 208 p. [in Russian].

Butanaev V.Ya., 2003. Burhanizm tyurkov Sayano-Altaya [Burkhanism of the Sayano-Altai Turks]. Abakan: Publishing House of N. F. Katanov Khakass State University. 260 p. [in Russian].

Galdanova G.R., 1989. Elementy tyurkskih vliyanij v tradicionnyh verovaniyah buryat [Elements of Turkic influences in the traditional beliefs of the Buryats, Ethnocultural processes in Southeastern Siberia in the Middle Ages]. Editorial board: I. A. Aseev et al. Nosibirsk: Nauka, Siberian Branch. 185 p. [in Russian].

Danilova N.K., Vasiliev V.E., 2019. Religioznyj landshaft: «siel», «salama» i «delbirge» v ritual’nom prostranstve v svete izucheniya evolyucii beskrovnyh zhertvoprinoshenij naroda saha [Religious landscape: “ciel”, “salama” and “dalbirge” in the ritual space in the light of studying the evolution of bloodless sacrifices of the Sakha people]. Society: Philosophy, history, culture, no. 12 (68), P. 30-35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24158/fik.2019.12.4 [in Russian].

Dorzhigushaeva O.V., Kiplux A.V., 2023. Ekologizaciya tradicii zavyazyvaniya zuram, hadakov i hij-morin na mestah pokloneniya v Respublike Buryatiya [Ecologization of the tradition of tying zuram, khadak and hii-morin at places of worship in the Republic of Buryatia]. New Research of Tuva, no. 4. P. 328-343. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25178/nit.2023.4.23 [in Russian].

Yekeeva E.V., Belekova E.A., 2018. Kul’tovaya atributika v tradicionnom mirovozzrenii altajcev [Cult attributes in the traditional worldview of the Altai people]. Gorno-Altaysk: BNU RA “Scientific Research Institute of Altaic Studies named after S.S. Surazakov”. 120 p. [in Russian].

Zherebina T., 2009. Sibirskij shamanizm: etnokul’turnyj atlas [Siberian shamanism: an ethnocultural atlas]. St. Petersburg: Amphora; TID Amphora. 623 p. [in Russian].

Zhukovskaya N.L., 1986. «Podarok – otdarok» i ego mesto v sisteme social’nyh cennostej mongolov [“Gift – giving” and its place in the system of social values of the Mongols, Mongolica. In memory of academician B. Ya. Vladimirtsov]. editorial board: A. N. Kononov et al. Moscow: The main editorial office of Oriental literature. 299 p. [in Russian].

Zhukovskaya N.L., 2002. Kochevniki Mongolii. Kul’tura. Tradicii. Simvolika [Nomads of Mongolia. Culture. Traditions. Symbolism]. Moscow: Oriental literature. 246 p. [in Russian].

Lamazhaa Ch.K., Sanchai Ch.Kh. and Mongush A.V., 2023. Ritual’nye lenty i flagi v praktike sovremennyh tuvincev [Ritual ribbons and flags in the practical activities of contemporary Tuvans]. New Research of Tuva, no. 4, P. 344-370. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25178/nit.2023.4.24 [in Russian].

Lamazhaa Ch.K., Shaymerdenova J., 2024. Kadak – sharf podnosheniya i osvyashcheniya (iz istorii tradicii) [Kadak is a scarf of offering and consecration (from the history of tradition)]. New Research of Tuva, No 2. P. 152-176. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25178/nit.2024.2.10 [in Russian].

Lidzhieva A.M., 2019. Molitvennye flazhki «ki mөrn» v sovremennoj gorodskoj zhizni kalmykov [Prayer flags “ki morn” in the modern urban life of the Kalmyks]. Magna Adsurgit: Historia Studiorum, 2, P. 76-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22162/2541-9749-2019-8-2-76-82 [in Russian].

Mikhailov T.M., 1980. Iz istorii buryatskogo shamanizma (s drevnejshih vremen po XVIII v.) [From the history of Buryat shamanism (from ancient times to the XVIII century)]. Novosibirsk: Nauka, Siberian Branch. 321 p. [in Russian].

Moss M., 2011. Obshchestva. Obmen. Lichnost’. Trudy po social’noj antropologii [Societies. Exchange. Personality. Works on social anthropology]. Moscow: KDU. 416 p. [in Russian].

Moss M., 2000. Social’nye funkcii svyashchennogo. Izbrannye proizvedeniya [The social functions of the sacred. Selected works]. St. Petersburg: Eurasia. 448 p. [in Russian].

Oynotkinova N.R., 2021. Mifologicheskaya kartina mira altajcev: koncepty, motivy, syuzhety [The mythological picture of the Altai world: concepts, motives, plots]. Novosibirsk: CPI NSU. 622 p. [in Russian].

Rassadin V.I., 2005. Hozyajstvo, byt i kul’tura tofalarov [Economy, life and culture of the Tofalars]. Ulan-Ude: Publishing house of the BNC SB RAS. 193 p. [in Russian].

Roerich Y.N., 1961. Kochevye plemena Tibeta [Nomadic tribes of Tibet]. Strany i narody Vostoka. Geografiya, etnografiya, istoriya [The countries and peoples of the East. Geography, ethnography, history]. Issue 2. Moscow: Publishing House of East lit. P. 7-12. [in Russian].

Suraganova Z.K., 2009. Obmen darami v kazahskoj tradicionnoj kul’ture [Exchange of gifts in the Kazakh traditional culture]. Astana: CAM is a media print. 192 p. [in Russian].

Terletsky N.S., 2007. K voprosu o roli loskutov tkani (latta-band) na mazarah Central’noj Azii [On the question of the role of cloth patches (latta bands) in the mazars of Central Asia]. Lavrovskij sbornik: materialy Sredneaziatsko-Kavkazskih issledovanij. Etnologiya, istoriya, arheologiya, kul’turologiya. 2006-2007 [Lavrovsky collection: materials of Central Asian-Caucasian studies. Ethnology, history, archaeology, cultural studies. 2006-2007]. St. Petersburg, May 15-17, 2007. St. Petersburg, Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography named after Peter the Great (Kunstkamera) RAS. 294 p. [in Russian].

Tradicionnoe mirovozzrenie tyurkov Yuzhnoj Sibiri. Znak i ritual [The traditional worldview of the Turks of Southern Siberia. The Sign and the Ritual], 1990. A.M. Sagalaev, I. V. Oktyabrskaya; ed. by I. N. Gemuev. Novosibirsk: Nauka. Siberian edition. 208 p. [in Russian].

Tradicionnoe mirovozzrenie tyurkov Yuzhnoj Sibiri. Prostranstvo i vremya. Veshchnyj mir [The traditional worldview of the Turks of Southern Siberia. Space and time. Material World], 1988. E.L. Lvova, I.V. Oktyabrskaya, A.M. Sagalaev, M.S. Usmanova; ed. by I.N. Gemuev. Novosibirsk: Nauka, Siberian Branch. 225 p. [in Russian].

Tsendina A.D., 2002. ...i strana zovetsya Tibetom [...and the country is called Tibet]. Moscow: Oriental literature. 304 p. [in Russian].

Sharaeva T.I., 2010. Sovremennoe bytovanie sakral’nogo markera өlgc u kalmykov (po materialam polevyh issledovanij 2008-2010 gg.) [The modern existence of the sacred marker of the olgts among the Kalmyks (based on the materials of field research in 2008-2010)]. Problemy etnicheskoj istorii i kul’tury tyurko-mongol’skih narodov [Problems of ethnic history and culture of the Turkic-Mongolian peoples]. no. 2, P. 158-186. [in Russian].

Sherstova L.I., 2010. Burhanizm: istoki etnosa i religii [Burkhanism: the origins of ethnicity and religion]. Tomsk: Tomsk State University. 288 p. [in Russian].