Female demonic figures in Turkic mythology: the role and symbolism of Zhalmauyz Kempir, Albasty, Zheztyrnakh, Mystan Kempir, and Kuldyrgysh

Abstract

This article examines female demonic figures in Turkic mythology, including Zhalmauyz Kempir, Albasty, Zheztyrnak, Mistan Kempir, and Kuldirgish. These figures possess a complex mythopoetic structure and perform essential ritualistic functions. They act as mediators between worlds, initiators of heroic trials, guardians of sacred knowledge, and embodiments of chthonic forces. Their ambivalent nature combining both destructive and protective qualities, highlights their liminal status within the mythological space. The research employs comparative-historical and structural-semiotic methodologies to analyze their roles within the Turkic mythological system and identify typological parallels with similar figures in other traditions (e.g., Baba Yaga, Lamia, and sirens). Special attention is given to the transformations of these figures under the influence of shamanic traditions, Islamization, and epic literature, revealing their adaptability to evolving cultural contexts. Findings demonstrate the resilience of these figures in mythopoetic traditions and their enduring relevance in contemporary folklore and media discourses. They remain central to mythological practices such as initiation rites ritual, protective rituals, and spirit exorcisms. These figures function as key carriers of collective mythological consciousness, embodying sacred femininity and serving as intermediaries between the human and supernatural realms.
In modern narratives, they continue to symbolize the sacred and the profane, order and chaos. Their interpretation in popular culture and adaptation within contemporary artistic contexts demonstrate their enduring connection to ancient traditions, while affirming their continued relevance within an evolving socio-cultural landscape. These figures assume new forms in cinema, literature, and digital folklore, where they persist as carriers of sacred knowledge, initiators of heroes, and mediators between worlds.
Additionally, the article examines the influence of these figures on the construction of female representations in contemporary popular culture, including fantasy literature, cinema, and video games. While their functions transform according to cultural context, their archetypal essence remains unchanged. This confirms their role within the collective unconscious, the resilience of traditional mythological structures, and their significance for the cultural identity of Turkic peoples.