Medieval Aktobe: between legend and reality

Abstract

The land of Kazakhstan is a cradle of ancient civilizations. Throughout history, its vast steppes have been home to hundreds of cities, settlements, and majestic caravanserais
that emerged during the ancient and medieval periods. These urban centers were not only significant for the local population but were also widely recognized across Asia and Europe. With their impressive architecture, vibrant commercial activity, and cultural importance, they became true hubs of civilization. Travelers and merchants were captivated by their uniqueness, and many left behind detailed accounts in their writings. However, many of these remarkable cities and settlements could not withstand the trials of time. Bloody invasions, power struggles, internal conflicts, and foreign conquests led to the destruction and decline of numerous cultural centers. Today, what remains are silent witnesses to history, nameless hills and mounds marking the locations where once-thriving cities stood.
Nevertheless, the historical significance of these sites remains undiminished. These former centers of education, trade, and craftsmanship live on in the collective memory of the Kazakh people, preserved through oral traditions, genealogies, and especially the nation's rich folklore.
Kazakh legends and epic tales, transmitted orally across generations, contain valuable and unique insights into the lives and cultures of ancient cities. Alongside archaeological evidence and written sources, this oral heritage plays a vital role in reconstructing the history of Kazakhstan’s medieval urban centers. These cities, especially those located along the Silk Road, demonstrate that the region was not solely defined by nomadic life, but also by a flourishing urban civilization.
One such historical site is the Aktobe settlement.
This article explores the dual nature of medieval Aktobe by examining both historical facts and legendary narratives. It raises a central question: “Is there truth behind the legends?” For nearly a century, Aktobe has attracted the attention of archaeologists as a significant medieval site. Folklore and historical records about Aktobe often complement each other. In many legends, Aktobe is depicted as a center of learning, culture, and enlightenment. These narratives provide a glimpse into the lived reality and enduring legacy of this ancient city.