The Ordazy cities. The first archaeological research works in the  cities of Sortobe 1, 2

Madiyar Yeleuov; Azilkhan Tazhekeev; Arkhad  Moldakhmet; Magzhan Zhusupnazar

doi:10.32523/2664-5157-2024-1-40-63

Authors

Madiyar Yeleuov Al-Farabi Kazakh National University
Azilkhan Tazhekeev Branch of the A.H.Margulan Institute of Archaeology
Arkhad Moldakhmet Al-Farabi Kazakh National University
Magzhan Zhusupnazar Al-Farabi Kazakh National University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32523/2664-5157-2024-1-40-63

Keywords:

Syr Darya, riverbed, Middle Ages, Ordazy, Sortobe, urban culture, exploration, excavations

Abstract

The article presents written data on the sites, located in the lower reaches of the Syr Darya river and extensive information about the archaeological research conducted in the Sortobe group of cities. It examines the main written sources, works of Arab-Persian researchers of the 9th-12th centuries, including rare information related to sites of the Oghuz period in the lower reaches of the Syr Darya river, which is
presented for the first time. In addition, detailed information concerning events in the lower reaches of the Syr Darya, mentioned in the works of Western researchers in the last quarter of the 19th century is considered, memories of some local historians of the Tsarist Russia times and archival data of the Khorezm archaeological-ethnographic expedition are аnalyzed. The article highlights the process of studying the site and the archaeological excavations conducted there with results. This paper
discusses the current state of the medieval city of Sortobe. It highlights that half of the city has been eroded by the Syr Darya river, leading to the cultural layer of the site being in an emergency condition without state protection.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Information about author

Madiyar Yeleuov, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University

Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Department of Archeology, Ethnology, and Museology

Azilkhan Tazhekeev, Branch of the A.H.Margulan Institute of Archaeology

Candidate of Historical Sciences

Arkhad Moldakhmet, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University

PhD student

Magzhan Zhusupnazar, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University

Master student, Department of Archeology, Ethnology and Museology

Reference

Ageyeva Ye.I., Patsevich G.I., 1958. Iz istorii osedlyh poselenii i gorodov Yuzhnogo Kazahstana [From the history of settled settlements and cities of South Kazakhstan]. Trudy IIAE AN KazSSR. Vol.5. P. 3-215. [in Russian].

Akishev K.A., Baypakov K.M., Yerzakovich L.B., 1972. Drevniy Otrar [Ancient Otrar].Alma-Ata: Nauka. P. 91. Fig.45.6; P. 94. Fig.48.10. [in Russian].

Aqanulу M., 2007. Sortöbe sw astında qalğalı tur [Sortobe is going to be under water].Ayqın, No128(824), 13 şilde. [in Kazakh].

Amirgalina G.G., 2018. Perechen’ arkheologicheskogo materiala s gorodishcha Sortobe za polevoy sezon 2017 goda [List of archaeological material from the settlement of Sortobe for the field season of 2017].

«Marğulan oqwları – 2018. Rwxanï jañğırw jäne arxeologialıq mura». Sbornik materialov mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii. Almaty-Aktebe. 639 р [in Russian].

Amïrgalïna G.T., 2019. Keramika so znakami s gorodishche Sortobe i Dzhankent [Ceramics with signs from the settlements of Sortobe and Dzhankent]. Marğulanoqwları – 2019: Körnekti qazaqstandıq arxeolog K.A. Aqışevtıñ 95 jıldığına arnalğan хalıqaralıq arxeologïyalıq ğılımïtäjirïbelik konferencïya materïaldarı. Nur-Sultan. 704 p. [in Russian].

Bilalov S.Y., Tazhekeyev A.A., Darmenov R.T., 2017. Arkheologicheskiye issledovaniya srednevekovogo gorodishcha Sortobe [Archaeological research of the medieval settlement of Sortobe]. Vestnik Kazakhskogo natsional’nogo universiteta. Al’-Farabi. 4 (87). P. 62-75 [in Russian].

Bilalov S.Y., Bolelov S.B., Tazhekea A.A., Darmenov R.T., 2019. Arkheolgicheskiye raboty na mogilnike srednevekovogo gorodishche Sortöbe 2 [Archaeological work at the burial site of the medieval settlement Sortobe 2]. L.N. Vestnik Yevraziyskogo natsional’nogo universiteta im. Gumileva. Istoriya nauk. Filosofiya. Seriya religiovedeniya. 2 (127). Nur-Sultan: ENU. 114 p. [in Russian].

Bilalov S., Tazhekeyev A., Darmenov R., 2017. Arkheologicheskiye issledovaniye srednevekovogo gorodishcha Sortobe [Archaeological research of the medieval settlement of Sortobe]. L.N. Vestnik Yevraziyskogo natsional’nogo universiteta imeni Gumileva. Istoriya nauki. Filosofiya. Seriya religiovedeniya.4 (87). Nur-Sultan: ENU. P. 62-75 [in Russian].

Bïlalov S., 2018. Sortöbe qalaşığındağı jürgizilgen zerttewlerdiñ nätïjeleri [The results of research conducted in the town of Sortobe]. «Qazaqstan men irgeles elderdiñ tarïxï-mädenï murasın zerttewdegi zamanawï ädister men turğılar» attı «IX Orazbaev oqwları» xalıqaralıq ğılımïädistemelik konferencïya materïaldarı, jawaptı red. Ğ.Q. Omarov. Almaty: Qazaq wnïversïteti. 507 p. [in Kazakh].

Bretshneyder E.V., 2018. Aziya i Yevropa v epokhu srednevekov’ya: sravnitel’nyye issledovaniya istochnikov po geografii i istorii Tsentral’noy i Zapadnoy Azii XIII–XVII vekov [Asia and Europe in the Middle Ages: Comparative Studies of Sources on the Geography and History of Central and Western Asia in the 13th–18th Centuries]. Emiliy Bretshneyder; [poslesl.I.V. Kuchumova]; Tsentr issledovaniy Zolotoy Ordy i tatarskikh khanstv im. M.A. Usmanova In-ta istorii AN Resp. Tatarstan; Regional’noye otd-niye Rus. geogr. o-va v Resp. Bashkortostan. SaintPetersburg: Svoyo izdatel’stvo. 280 p. [in Russian].

D’Ohsson S., 1834. History of Mongols. 651 p.Yeleuov M., Qurmanqulov J., 2008. Sortobe. Sortöbe. Jankent jäne Jent [Sortobe. Jankent and Jent]. Türkistan: “Turan” baspası. 118 p. [in Kazakh].

Yeleuov M., 2003. Ortağasırlıq Qaraşıq 1 qalasınıñ cïtadelindegi kesik [A cut in the citadel of the medieval town of Karasyk 1]. Otan tarïxı, No4. P. 5, 9. [in Kazakh].

Zhirmunskiy V.M., 1962. Kononov A. Ot sostoviteley. Kniga moyego deda Korkuta. –Moskva-Leningrad, AN SSSR [in Russian].

Jaqıpulу A., 2007. Bul – Sortöbe emes, Ordazı [This is Ordazy, not Sortobe]. Aqmeşit aptalığı, No51(706), 20 jeltoqsan. [in Kazakh].

Istoriya Kazakhstana v persidskikh istochnikakh [History of Kazakhstan in Persian sources], 2005. Í tom. Almaty: Dayk-Press. 416 p. [in Russian].

Käribozulı B., Täjekeev Ä., Sıdıqova J., 2018. Qarmaqşı. Qurast [Karmakshi. Compiler]. Astana: Folïant. 328 p. [in Kazakh].

Kurmankulov Zh., Tazhekeyev A.A., Kyzylbayev T., 2007. Gorodishche Sortobe I [Settlement of Sortobe I]. Arkhiv pamyatnikov istorii i kul’tury Respubliki Kazakhstan. Kyzylordinskaya oblast’. Almaty. 531 p. [in Russian].

Kurmankulov Zh., Tazhekeyev A.A., Kyzylbayev T., 2007. Gorodishche Sortobe II [Settlement of Sortobe II]. Arkhiv pamyatnikov istorii i kul’tury Respubliki Kazakhstan. Kyzylordinskaya oblast’. Almaty. 531 p. [in Russian].

Kurmankulov Zh., Arzhantseva P.A., Zylivynskaya Ye.D., Ruzanova S.A., Sidigova Zh.T., 2007. Arkheologicheskiye raboty na gorodishche Dzhankent v 2006 g. [Archaeological work at the settlement Dzhankent in 2006]. Almaty: poligraficheskaya firma «Indzhv-Mardzhan». 119 p., Fig. 75.4-6. [in Russian].

Kurmankulov Zh., Arzanceva Ï.A., Tajkeev A.A., 2011. Sırdarïyanıñ tömengi ağısı boyındağı oğız qalaları: Jetiasar mädenïetimen baylanısı [Oguz cities along the lower reaches of Syr Darya: connection with Zhetiasar culture]. QMW xabarşısı 2 (32). [in Kazakh].

Levina L.M., 1996. Etnokul’turnaya istoriya Vostochnogo Priaral’ya (v I tys. do n. e. – I tys. n. e.) [Ethnocultural history of the Eastern Aral Sea region (in the 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium AD)]. No 1. Moscow. [in Russian].

Levina L.M., 1997. Etnokul’turnaya istoriya Vostochnogo Priaral’ya (v I tys. do n. e. – I tys. n. e.) [Ethnocultural history of the Eastern Aral Sea region (in the 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium AD)]. No 2. Moscow. [in Russian].

Levina L.M., 1971. Keramika Nizhney i Sredney Syrdar’i v I tysyacheletii n. e. [Ceramics of the Lower and Middle Syr Darya in the 1st millennium AD. e]. T. VII. Moscow. [in Russian].

Materialy turkmenskoy i turkmenskoy istorii, VII-XV vv. Arabskiye i persidskiye istochniki [7th-15th centuries Arabic and Persian sources], 1939. Tom 1. Pod redaktsiyey S.L.Volynoy, A.A.Romanskevicha, A.Yu. Yakvovskoy. Mesk’yu – Leningrad. [in Russian].

Mamï T., 2007. Keyingi ortağasırlardağı Aral öñiriniñ qalaları (XIII-XYIII ğğ.) [Cities of the Aral region in the late Middle Ages (XIII-XYIII centuries)]. Monografïya. Qızılorda. 252 p. [in Kazakh].

Mershchiyev M.S., 1968. Gorodişe Aktobe 1 (IV-nach.ХIII v.) [Settlement Aktobe 1 (IVbeginning of the 13th century)]. Maksimova A.G., Mershch’yev M.S., Vaynberg B.P., Levina L.M. Drevnosti Chardari. Alma-Ata. P. 154. ris. 22.34. [in Russian].

Pirnazar S., 2007. Qupïya qala [Secret city]. Egemen Qazaqstan, No274-276 (24849). 29 tamız. [in Russian].Puteshestviya v vostochnyye strany Plano Karpini i Gil’oma de Rubruka. Seriya: Puteshestviya. Otkrytiya. Priklyucheniya. Almaty: Ġylym, 1993 – 248 S. [in Russian].

Tazhekeyev A.A., Bolelov S.B., Darmenov R.T., Bylalov S.V., 2019. Arkheologicheskiye raboty na gorodishche Sortobe [Archaeological work at the settlement of Sortobe]. Margulan okvlary - 2019: Vydayushchiysya kazakhstanskiy arkheolog K.A. Materialy Mezhdunarodnoy arkheologicheskoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii, posvyashchennoy 95-letiyu Akishevta. NurSultan. 704 p. [in Russian].

Täjekeev Ä.Ä., Därmenov R.T., Bïlalov S.Ö., Amïrgalïna G.T., Nazarov A.J., Swltanjanov J.K., Kwrmanïyazov Ï.S., 2021. Ordazı qalaşıqtarı tobındağı arxeologïyalıq zerttewler [Archaeological research in the group of Ordazy settlements]. Tarïx ğılımdarınıñ doktorı, professor Madïyar Elewulı Elewovtıñ 75 jıldıq mereytoyına arnalğan «Ulı jibek jolı men Qazaqstan kerwen joldarınıñ wrbanïzacïya üderisindegi mañızı» attı xalıqaralıq dalalıq semïnar materïaldarı. Jawaptı red. R.S. Jwmataev. Almaty: Qazaq wnïversïteti. 230 p. [in Kazakh].

Täjekeev Ä.Ä., Swltanjanov J.K., Qarabatırova A.M., 2022. Ortağasırlıq Sığanaq pen Asanas qalaları arasındağı kerwen joldarı men iri qonıstar (jaña zerttewler) [Caravan routes and large settlements between the medieval cities of Syganak and Asanas (new research)]. Äl-Farabï atındağı Qazaq ulttıq wnïversïtetiniñ xabarşısı. Tarïx serïyası, No1 (104). Almaty: «Qazaq wnïversïteti». 209 p. [in Kazakh].

Taleev D.A., 2010. Sırdarïyanıñ sol jağalawında jürgizilgen arxeologïyalıq barlaw jumıstarı [Archaeological exploration works on the left bank of Syr Darya]. Otan tarïxı. No 4. P. 158-166. [in Kazakh].

Tolstov S.P., 1962. Po drevnim del’tam Oksa i Yaksarta [Along the ancient deltas of the Oxus and Jaksart]. Moscow. [in Russian].

Eleuov M., Moldaxmet A., 2017. Medieval site Utyrtobe. `Fundamenalisscietiam` ğılımïjwrnalı. N. 2 (3). Madrid. P. 28-30.

Yeleuov M., Moldakhmet A.A., 2023. Kumbyz (furnace) found in the medieval city of Kyshkala. Turkic Studies Journal. Vol. 5. No 2. P. 34-48.