Бұланды (Баланды) фортификациясын зерттеу нәтижелері

Zhanbolat Utubaev; Altynbek Yersariyev; Makpal Suyundikova; Asemgul Kasenova

doi:10.32523/2664-5157-2023-2-49-66

Authors

Zhanbolat Utubaev A.Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology
Altynbek Yersariyev A.Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology
Makpal Suyundikova A.Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology
Asemgul Kasenova A.Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32523/2664-5157-2023-2-49-66

Keywords:

Syr Darya, Chirikrabat culture, fortress, fortification, tower, gates, loophole, wall

Abstract

The article considers the fortification of the Balanda I fortress, which is located at the ancient Syr Darya delta, where the agricultural Chirikrabat archaeological culture was widespread in the second half of the I millennium BC. Balanda Fortress is the center of a small agricultural oasis of the IV+II centuries BC, which was based on the main canal, between the channels of the Inkardarya and Zhanadarya lower reaches of the Syr Darya, as a whole. The center of the settlement and the entire oasis was the fortified manor-fortress of Balanda. During the field works of Chirikrabat expedition in 2007-2014, it was possible to identify and partially reconstruct the constructions of defense. Based on the data obtained, it is possible to distinguish at least 2 main periods of the construction of fortress walls,
which, in turn, are divided into stages. The system of fortification revealed during the excavations of
Balanda I seems to be quite archaic. The corners were protected by semicircular towers, which were a solid monolith of brickwork on a base-a plinth made of dense clay-pakhsa, to which a pakhsa platform with a width of 1.3-1.4 m and a height of no more than 1 m was attached from the inside. The long walls of the fortress were also flanked by semicircular towers. The walls and the protruding towers were cut with arrow-shaped loopholes. Based on archaeological data, the Balanda Fortress was a large fundamental building.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Information about author

Zhanbolat Utubaev, A.Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology

Candidate of Historical Sciences, Leading Researcher, Head of the Department of Early Iron Age Archaeology

Altynbek Yersariyev, A.Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology

PhD student of the Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Junior Researcher

Makpal Suyundikova, A.Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology

PhD student of the Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Junior Researcher

Asemgul Kasenova, A.Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology

Candidate of Historical Sciences, Leading Researcher

Reference

Andrianov B.V., 1969. Drevnie orositelnye sistemy Priaralya [Ancient irrigation systems of the Aral Sea region]. Moscow. 252 p. [in Russian].

Bolelov S.B., 2014. Kampyrtepa – antichnaia krepost na Okse: stratigrafia, periodizasia, hronologia [Kampyrtepa – ancient fortress on the Oks: stratigraphy, periodization, chronology]. SCRIPTA ANTIQUA. Voprosy drevnei istorii, filologii, iskusstva i materiälnoi kültury. V. III. Moscow. 84 p. [in Russian].

Vajnberg B.I., Levina L.M., 1993. Chirikrabatskaya kultura. Nizovya Syrdari v drevnosti [Chirikrabat culture. The lower reaches of the Syr Darya in ancient times]. Moscow. 130 p. [in Russian].

Vorobeva M.G., Lapirov-Skoblo M.S., Nerazik E.E., 1963. Arheologicheskie raboty v Hazaraspe v 1958-1960 gg. [Archaeological work in Khazarasp in 1958-1960 yy.]. Materialy Horezmskoj ekspedicii. Moscow. Issue 6. P. 157-201. [in Russian].

Vorobeva M.G., 1973. Dingildzhe. Usadba 1 tysyacheletiya do n.e. v drevnem Horezma [Dingilje. Manor of the 1st millennium BC in ancient Khorezm]. Moscow: Nauka. 217 p. [in Russian].

Vishnevskaya O.A., Rapoport Yu.A., 1997. Gorodishe Kyuzeli-gyr. K voprosu o rannem etape istorii Horezma [The settlement of Kyuzeli-gyr. On the question of the early stage of the history of Khorezm]. VDI, No 2. P. 150-173. [in Russian].

Gertman A.N., 1998. Znaki na kirpichah i nekotorye voprosy organizacii drevnevostochnogo stroitelstva: (po materialam drevnego Horezma) [Signs on bricks and some questions of the organization of ancient Eastern construction: (based on the materials of ancient Khorezm)]. Priarale v drevnosti i srednevekove. Moscow. P. 136-150. [in Russian].

Darmenov R.T., Utubaev Zh.R., 2011. Balandy 2 (Bulandy). Kultovoe sooruzhenie chirikrabatskoj kultury IV-II vv. do n.e. [Balanda 2 (Bulanda). A religious building of the Chirikrabat culture of the IV-II centuries BC.]. Arheologiya Kazahstana v epohu nezavisimosti: itogi i perspektivy. V. II. Almaty. P. 157-161. [in Russian].

Itina M.A., Yablonskii L.T., 1997. Saki Nizhnej Syrdari (po materialam mogilnika Yuzhnyj Tagisken) [Saki of the Lower Syr Darya (based on the materials of the Southern Tagisken burial ground)]. RAN in-t arheologii; in-t etnologii i antropologii. Moscow: «Rossijskaya politicheskaya enciklopediya» (ROSSPEN). P. 176-183. [in Russian].

Kalaly-gyr 2: Kultovyui centr v Drevnem Horezme IV-II vv. do n.e. [Kalaly-gyr 2: A cult center in Ancient Khorezm of the IV-II centuries BC.]. 2004. Moscow. 286 p. [in Russian].

Koj-Kryglan-kala – pamyatnik kultury drevnego Horezma, IV v. do n.e. – V v. n.e. [Koi-Kryglan-kala is a cultural monument of ancient Khorezm, IV century BC – V century AD.], 1967. Moscow. 160 p. [in Russian].

Kurmankulov Zh.K., Utubaev Zh.R., 2013. Balandy (Bulandy) – pamyatnik antichnosti [Balandy (Bulandy) – monument of antiquity]. Almaty. P. 109-140. [in Russian].

Lohovic V.A., 1963. Raskopki kvadratnogo pogrebalnogo sooruzheniya na gorodishe Chirik-Rabat [Excavations of a square burial structure at the Chirik-Rabat settlement]. Materialy Horezmskoj ekspedicii. Moscow. Issue 6. P. 214-220. [in Russian].

Mokroborodov V.V., 2013. Format syrcovogo kirpicha kak dopolnitelnyj istochnik po hronologii pamyatnikov rannezheleznogo veka [Raw brick format as an additional source on the chronology of monuments of the Early Iron Age]. Arheologiya Uzbekistana. No 1 (6). Samarkand. P. 12-20. [in Russian].

Mahortyh S.V., 2019. Kamennye blyuda VII-VI vv. do n.e. iz skifskih pamyatnikov lesnogo Podneprvya [Stone dishes of the VII-VI centuries BC from the Scythian monuments of the forest Dnieper]. Margulanovskie chteniya – 2019. Nur-Sultan. P. 351. [in Russian].

Nerazik E.E., 1976. Selskoe zhilishe v Horezme (I-XIV vv.) [Rural dwelling in Khorezm (I-XIV centuries)]. Trudy HAEE, V. IX. Moscow. P. 35-41. [in Russian].

Nerazik E.E., 1979. Materialy po zemlepolzovaniyu i zemlevladeniyu v Horezme pervyh veko n.e. [Materials on land use and land ownership in Khorezm of the first centuries AD.]. Arheologiya i etnografiya Srednei Azii. Moscow. 43 p. [in Russian].

Nerazik E.E., 1987. Arheologicheskij kompleks pervyh vekov n.e. iz Horezma [Archaeological complex of the first centuries AD from Khorezm]. Sovetskaya Arheologiya. No2. P. 160-161. [in Russian].

Rapoport Y.A., 1963. Raskopki dvorcovogo zdaniya na gorodishe Kalaly-gyr v 1958 g. [Excavations of the palace building on the settlement of Kalaly-gyr in 1958]. Materialy Horezmskoj ekspedicii. Moscow. Issue 6. P. 141-156. [in Russian].

Rapoport Y.A., Nerazik E.E., Levina L.M., 2000. V nizovyah Oksa i Yaksarta. Obrazy drevnego Priaralya [In the lower reaches of the Oxus and Jaxartes. Images of the ancient Aral Sea region]. Moscow. 209 p. [in Russian].

Rtveladze E.V., 2017. Kampyrtepa – Aleksandria Oksianskaia: Gorod-krepost na beregu Oksa v ellinisticheskoe i postellinisticheskoe vremia [Kampyrtepa – Alexandria of the Oxian: A fortress city on the banks of the Oxus in Hellenistic and post-Hellenistic times]. MTE., Issue X. Tashkent. 17 p. [in Russian].

Tazhekeev A.A., 2011. Kreposti chirikrabatskoj kultury [Fortresses of the Chirikrabat culture]. Otan tarihy. Almaty. No4. P. 179-189. [in Russian].

Tolstov S.P., 1958. Raboty Horezmskoj arheologo-etnograficheskoj ekspedicii AN SSSR 1949-1953 gg. [Works of the Khorezm Archaeological and Ethnographic Expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences 1949-1953.]. Tr. HAEE. V. II. Moscow. P. 7-258. [in Russian].

Tolstov S.P., 1962. Po drevnim deltam Oksa i Yaksarta [Along the ancient deltas of the Oxus and Jaxartes]. Moscow: Izd-vo vostochnoj lit-ry. 324 p. [in Russian].

Tolstov S.P., Zhdanko T.A., Itina M.A., 1963. Raboty Horezmskoj arheologo-etnograficheskoj ekspedicii AN SSSR v 1958-1961 gg. [The works of the Khorezm Archaeological and Ethnographic Expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1958-1961.]. MHE. Issue 6 Moscow. P. 3-90. [in Russian].

Trudnovskaya S.A., 1963. Krugloe pogrebalnoe sooruzhenie na gorodishe Chirik-Rabat [Round funerary structure on the settlement of Chirik-Rabat]. Materialy Horezmskoj ekspedicii. Moscow. Issue 6. P. 201-213. [in Russian].

Utubaev Zh.R., 2013. Pogrebalnye sooruzheniya balandinskogo oazisa [Funerary structures of the Balandinsky oasis]. Izvestiya NAN RK. Seriya obshestvennyh i gumanitarnyh nauk. 3 (289). Almaty. P. 28-35. [in Russian].

Habdulina M., 2022. Istoriya sozdaniya muzeya-zapovednika «Bozok» [. The history of the creation of the museum-reserve «Bozok]. Turkic Studies Journal, T. 4., No 2. P. 116-129. [in Russian].

Hozhaniyazov G., 1981. Istoriya razvitiya fortifikacii antichnogo Horezma [The history of the development of the fortification of ancient Khorezm]. Sovetskaya arheologiya. No 2. P. 43-56. [in Russian].

Hozhaniyazov G., 1982. Akchungul - novyj pamyatnik epohi antichnosti severo-zapadnogo Horezma. Arheologiya Priaralya [Akchungul is a new monument of the antiquity era of northwestern Khorezm. Archeology of the Aral Sea region]. Tashkent: «Fan». Issue I. P. 81-86. [in Russian].

Yusupov H., 1998. Vydayushiesya arhitekturnye pamyatniki drevnego Gurgandzha. Priarale v drevnosti i srednevekove [Outstanding architectural monuments of ancient Gurganj. The Aral Searegion in antiquity and the Middle Ages]. Moscow. P. 211-217. [in Russian].