Антропология обычно-правовых отношений и практик в кочевом социуме казахов (XVIII – 60-е гг. XIX в.)
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DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32523/2664-5157-2024-2-23-56Ключевые слова:
«Жеті Жарғы», «Жүгініс», «Билер кеңесі», бий, обычное право, обычно правовые установления, судоустройство, судопроизводство, истец, ответчикАннотация
Статья посвящена изучению традиционного казахского судоустройства и судопроизводства. Они в своем сложившемся веками естественно-историческом состоянии более или менее автономно функционировали примерно до конца 60-х гг. XIX в., то есть до того времени, когда вся властно-управленческая система кочевого социума казахов, в том числе и судебно-правовые институты, были поглощены имперской администрацией. Прежде всего это касается такой высшей организационной формы судопроизводства, как билер кеңесі («совет биев»), который к концу 60-х гг. указанного столетия практически прекратил свое многовековое существование. Что касается его базовой процессуальной формы жүгініс (примерно «доверительное обращение [к биям]»), то он хотя и в достаточно ослабленном состоянии продолжал существовать до середины 90-х гг. XIX в. Появившиеся в процессе и после этой административной колонизации назначаемые имперскими властями суды с их модернизированными обычно-правовыми нормами и институтами в статье не рассматриваются.
Предметно-целевая установка статьи ограничена изучением жүгініс и билер кеңесі. Посредством и в рамках каждого из этих институтов анализируются механизмы судебно-процессуальной реализации обычно-правовых установлений. Отмечается, что в каждом таком судебном процессе перманентно реализуется опыт многих поколений казахских биев. Такой опыт позволяет более или менее реально представить выдающееся значение обычно-правовых практик в жизни казахского общества. Изучение линии поведения и интересов участников и субъектов этого процесса позволило воссоздать мозаичную социоантропологическую картину традиционного судопроизводства.
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