The place, time and method of writing the ‘Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk’ by Mahmud Kashgari Barskani
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https://doi.org/10.32523/2664-5157-2026-2SI-242-269Keywords:
Mahmud Kashgari Barskani, Turkic languages, Karakhanid Khaganate, source studies, Central Asia, 11th century, ethnology, written culture, dialectology, encyclopediaAbstract
The legacy of Mahmud Kashgari, an outstanding figure in pan-Turkic culture and science during the "Golden Age of Islam", is a complex issue. He was born into the family of the Bek of the Barskan (Issyk-Kul) principality in the eastern part of the Karakhanid Khaganate between 1029 and 1038 (the year and place of his death remain unknown). This article is devoted to studying its complex aspects, particularly the issues of determining the time and place of composition of his only surviving work, “Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk”. It also analyses the source of the method used to compose this unique work, which serves as both a Turkic-Arabic dictionary and an encyclopedic, ethnographically rich compendium. Mahmud Kashgari, a native of the ruling dynasty of the Muslim Karakhanid Khaganate, is considered the first Turkologist, ethnologist, and cartographer. Based on critical analysis of the sources, the author believes that Mahmud Kashgari's Arabographic work was written in the Middle East, specifically in the central regions of the Abbasid Caliphate (Baghdad), which was under the political control of the Turkic-speaking Seljuk Sultans at the time. The article argues that this work was written between 464–469 AH/1072–1077 CE. It emphasizes that Mahmud Kashgari's work was not written in the classical dictionary format characteristic of earlier Arabic dictionaries but rather in a unique format combining lexical, grammatical, dialectological, ethnocultural, and cartographic (i.e., encyclopedic) approaches. The author highlights the work of orientalists Gotthelf Bergstrasser and Anas Khalidov, who, as early as the 20th century, proved that Mahmud Kashgari's method was derived from the work of Central Asian linguist Abu Ibrahim Ishaq al-Farabi (died in the year 350 AH / 961–962 CE). Al-Farabi was a native of Farab, whose ruins are located in southern Kazakhstan. Mahmud Kashgari even used the title of al-Farabi's work, “Divan al-Adab fi Bayani Lughat al-‘Arab” – “A Compendium of the Words of Fine Arts in the Description of the Arabic Languages", as a template. The article emphasizes that the difference between the two lies in the fact that Mahmud Kashgari wrote the word "language" ("луға" (‘luga’)) in the plural form, "...Turkic languages" ("...луғāti т-турк" (‘…lugati t-turk’)), whereas al-Farabi wrote it in the singular. The article concludes with a proposal for the academic community to widely celebrate the 950th anniversary of the completion of Mahmud Kashgari’s (1077–2027) "Divan" in 2027, recognizing it as an important legacy for the intellectual history of humanity.
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